But the real story is in the rollout, and it is anything but simple. Akhil Chandna explains why these reforms are the biggest shift since GST, yet far harder to implement across a country where labour is a shared responsibility between the Centre and the states. He points out the uneven digital capacity of states, gaps in training for labour officers and political resistance in a few states. MSMEs, already strained by tight margins and weak exports, fear higher costs from revised wage definitions, new gratuity rules and mandatory health checks. Chandna argues these concerns are real but believes the long-term gains of formalisation, higher savings and wider social security will outweigh the early pressure. This conversation looks at what smooth implementation would actually require, how India compares with peers like Vietnam, and why states that delay may eventually lose investment and jobs.